FBI hacks iPhone: Does this make your phone less private?
legal battle weighing privacy rights against the government's need to investigate terrorism came to an end Monday when the FBI said it found a way to gain access to Syed Rizwan Farook's iPhone 5c.The announcement may have staved off a historic court battle, but questions still linger about how the government gained access to the device and what implications the FBI's tactics will have beyond the investigation into the San Bernardino terrorist attacks.
Federal prosecutors did not offer many specifics. Apple and the Department of Justice were headed for a court battle last week before federal prosecutors made an eleventh-hour request for a delay, announcing that an outside group may have found a technique to hack the device.
The breakthrough came last weekend, according to an anonymous law enforcement official, who would not say how the device was hacked or what information the government found on Farook's iPhone.
Previously, the FBI had been stonewalled by an update Apple made to its encryption practices in September 2014. Farook had enabled an auto-erase feature that would permanently delete all data on the phone after 10 consecutive failed attempts to enter the device's password.
Data on the phone would be scrambled unless a correct password was entered, and Apple has repeatedly said it would need to create technology to defeat that encryption. Farook intentionally disabled the phone's iCloud backup feature six weeks before the Dec. 2 attacks, according to court documents.
Is the government required to say how it gained access to the phone?
The FBI is under no obligation to tell the public how it defeated Apple's security measures, but the agency could be required to tell the company if the government exploited a defect in the company's security protocols in order to gain access.
The policy that governs such disclosures is known as the "Vulnerabilities Equities Process," according to Andrew Crocker, a staff attorney with the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital rights advocacy group. The EFF sued to make the 13-page policy public in 2014 and won access to the document earlier this year.
Crocker said the policy is weighted toward disclosure, but the government has successfully fought to keep such details secret before.
What does this mean for other locked phones in police custody around the country?
Local law enforcement leaders have said encrypted data can serve as a roadblock in a wide range of investigations, and have called on Silicon Valley to create back channels that would provide police access to smartphones when necessary. Tech companies have scoffed at the idea, claiming the creation of a so-called "back door" would jeopardize the security of millions of customers who are not the target of a police investigation.
It is difficult to say what, if any, effect the breakthrough will have on local law enforcement investigations, but Monday's news was concerning to some civil liberties experts.
“It’s likely that the FBI can and will just share its security hack with other federal, state and local agencies that want to crack iPhones, allowing law enforcement across the country to bypass Apple’s security even for routine criminal case,” Peter Bibring, the director of police practices for the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, said in an email. “The government has said they will continue helping state and local entities access data on mobile phones, but won’t explicitly say whether this includes the technique they’ve developed in this case.”
What did the government find in Farook's phone? What did they hope to find?
The FBI has not said what, if any, pertinent information was contained on Farook's phone. Federal investigators have ruled out the idea that Farook and his wife, Tashfeen Malik, were working at the behest of a foreign terrorism nexus, but questions still linger about the planning of the attack.
The government likely now has access to six weeks of data thought lost when Farook disabled the phone's iCloud backup. The families of some of those killed in the attacks have also said they believe the information of Farook's phone could answer lingering questions about the possible involvement of a third shooter on Dec. 2.
It remains unclear whether the data will dramatically change the San Bernardino investigation. The FBI has already said the shooters acted alone and were "self-radicalized." Investigators have found no evidence they were part of a larger plot.
Who won? Apple or the FBI?
The FBI certainly gained a major investigative victory by gaining access to Farook's phone, but in totality, the outcome might be best described as a draw.
Both sides had a lot to lose in court. A government victory could have set a precedent requiring Apple, and other tech companies, to create software in service of law enforcement investigations.
An Apple victory in court could have severely hampered future law enforcement attempts to compel tech companies to turnover user data.
Ultimately, the government got what it wanted in the San Bernardino case, and both the FBI and Apple avoided what could have been considered major defeats.
But larger questions about law enforcement's right to access user data, and Silicon Valley's role in aiding police investigations, remain unanswered.
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-apple-fbi-qanda-20160328-story.html
Guide to Budget Ammo
by Richard Mann - Tuesday, March 29, 2016
I have this recurring dream where I need a gun to sort out some dire emergency. In these dreams, I can never find the correct ammo for the gun my psyche has armed me with. I’ll have a 9 mm pistol and a handful of .45 ACP ammo. As distressing as my ammunition dreams can be, I’ve never had one where I felt the ammo I had was too affordable—I just needed ammo that would fit the gun, go bang, hit the target and ensure the firearm properly functions. In life or dreams, ammunition meeting those requirements will suffice for just about all of the shooting we do.
For defensive-handgun practice you do not need to use expensive ammunition. Bargain ammo can provide lots of rewarding range time for a fraction of the cost.
Ammunition is like fuel for a car; all of it will get you to the grocery store. If you’re running a race there’s a fuel for that, just like there’s a better fuel for maximizing your miles per gallon. With guns, you don’t always need racing fuel—sometimes you just want to get the most bang for the buck. Fortunately, there are numerous options for affordable, grocery-store ammo.
Most of the factory-fresh and affordable ammunition comes from out of country, and most of it is chambered for American, European or Russian military cartridges. Prices are tempting, but so can be the cost of American remanufactured ammunition like you find bulk-packed at gun shows. When I took over as the firearms instructor at my hometown police department, we had an incident or two with remanufactured ammo—which was discount reloads. I managed to convince the chief we needed to be shooting new ammo from a reputable source. Now, 20-plus years later, there are a lot more options from which to choose. Here are some worth looking at.
Other OptionsAmerican ammunition manufacturers have realized they’re losing ground to imports and have stepped up their game in a number of ways. Hornady offers a line of steel-cased match ammo that retails for between about $0.42 and $0.80 per round in .223 Rem., 7.62x39 mm and .308 Win. The steel cases for this ammo are provided by—guess who?—TulAmmo. Hornady also offers 50-count package deals in .223 Rem. to various distributors that will retail for as little as $0.52 per round. hornady.com
Though not specifically a discount ammo brand, Prime Ammunition offers affordable FMJ loads for the most common defensive-handgun chamberings.
Remington is also in the fight, and with some shopping you can find bulk-packed .223 Rem. UMC loads for a shade more than $0.50 per round. For 2016, Remington is introducing a 300-round Freedom Bucket of UMC .223 Rem. ammunition that should retail for around $145—that’s American-manufactured ammunition, in brass, reloadable cases, for $0.49 every time you pull the trigger. remington.com
A new company called Prime Ammunition is offering high-end, yet still affordable ammunition. The company partnered with RUAG Ammotec, a Swiss company that is a prolific producer of military, hunting and sport-shooting ammunition. Prime is designed to American specifications, then engineered and manufactured in European facilities. It offers 9 mm ammo in reloadable brass cases for as little as $0.34 per round. Other options, like .40 S&W and .45 ACP, are a bit more expensive, but still reasonably affordable. primeammo.com
Winchester Ammunition is also in on this market with its new USA Forged line of steel-cased fodder. Available in 9 mm, it has a 115-grain brass-jacketed, lead-core projectile, a non-corrosive boxer primer and ships in 150-round boxes. MSRP is $32, which works out to about $0.21 per round.
Without ammo your gun is just a club or oddly shaped paperweight. But your ammunition does not have to be expensive. A variety of affordable and dependable options exist.
Range Ready?I assembled a collection of ammunition from a variety of manufacturers known for producing budget ammo. Then I shot it, chronographed it and evaluated its precision and reliability. In all, I fired 800 rounds from six different manufacturers. Total cost for all this shooting was only $320. That works out to an average of $0.40 per round. ($0.30 per round for handgun loads and $0.54 per round for rifle loads.)
The test involved seven different cartridges and as many firearms, and there was not a single malfunction of any kind. Granted, the rifle ammunition tested is not designed for long-range precision, but it is more than suitable for general off-hand practice at reasonable ranges. As far as the affordable handgun loads, they’ll shoot better than you can and for training, plinking and even most competitions, they should be just fine.
The M&P from Smith & Wesson ran perfectly with each of these affordable ammo options, even when the magazine was mixed with all three.
Though not definitive by any means, this test does suggest that affordable ammo is not a bad thing and steel-cased ammunition can be pretty darn reliable. When we need to shoot serious, we are all going to—or should—buy racing fuel, the good stuff. But, when it comes to practice, plinking and just having fun, there is no reason to go broke while pulling the trigger. There are two ways to keep from doing that.
You can save money by reloading, but you have to factor in equipment cost and the time it takes to produce the ammo. Not counting the cost of brass—which you should be reusing anyway—it will set you back about $170 to load 1,000 pistol cartridges and about twice that to load 1,000 rifle rounds. That’s in the neighborhood of between $0.17 and $0.34 per round. For about twice that amount, you can secure affordable and reliable factory-loaded ammunition. The real advantage of affordable ammunition is the time you do not spend at the loading bench, and time is the only thing this world is not making any more of.
Aguila Aguila is the largest manufacturer of ammunition in Mexico and its products are distributed in the United States through Texas Armament & Technology in Houston, TX. Aguila’s exports to the U.S. include an extensive line, even incorporating a diverse selection of rimfire loads. While it can often be purchased for less than American-made ammunition, Aguila is reasonably good stuff and is even manufactured in reloadable brass cases. aguilaammo.com
CCI BlazerCCI ammunition is produced in the United States. The company is a subsidiary of Vista Outdoor, which owns Federal Premium, Speer, Blackhawk, Bushnell and many other brands. The differentiating feature of CCI’s Blazer line of ammunition is the non-reloadable, aluminum cases it’s loaded in. The Blazer line is broad and covers handgun cartridges from .22 LR to .45 Colt. CCI does offer a line of Blazer ammunition loaded in brass cases, but it is more expensive. cci-ammunition.com
MaxxTechMaxxTech Ammunition is made in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Pobjeda Technology, a 60-year-old company with a respected reputation in Europe, and has been an ISO 9001 company since 2000. This ammunition is imported by Eurosports LLC, located in Round Rock, TX. The company’s U.S. product line is a bit ambiguous and seems to vary with availability. pobjeda-technology.com
TulAmmoTulAmmo USA is manufactured by Russia-based Tula Cartridge Works, which has been in operation since 1880. The company’s American offices are located in and imported through, maybe not so coincidentally, Round Rock, TX, which puts its physical address just across Interstate 35 from Eurosports, the U.S. distributor of MaxxTech ammunition. TulAmmo offers non-corrosive, Berdan primed, steel-cased .380 ACP, 9 mm Makarov and Luger, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, .223 Rem., 5.45x39 mm, 7.62x39 mm, .308 Win. and 7.62x54 mm R ammunition. You may recognize this brand as a sponsor of light-heavyweight champ Sergey Kovalev. tulammousa.com
Sellier & BellotThis European-based company has been around since 1825 and is part of the larger CBC ammunition conglomerate, which includes Magtech Ammunition. CBC has numerous manufacturing plants and distribution facilities in Brazil, the Czech Republic, Germany and the U.S. Sellier & Bellot claims to be the oldest operating ammunition company in the world, and it offers a wide selection of handgun loads, with prices ranging from about $0.26 to $0.60 per shot. The company’s rifle ammunition line is reasonably extensive and includes some obscure cartridges like .25-35 Win., .303 British and even a few oddities like the 9.3x72 mm R. Though not generally budget priced, you can still often find Sellier & Bellot loads for a bargain. sellierbellot.us
WolfAccording to TULAmmo, it no longer “support[s] or produce[s] the Wolf brands of ammunition.” Though not completely clear, at one time some of the ammunition offered under the Wolf brand was indeed manufactured by Tula in Russia. Wolf is simply a brand used in America for the importation of steel-cased, Berdan-primed ammunition, produced at various locations in former communist-bloc countries. Generally, this ammo is loaded in steel cases with a poly coating, though sometimes you can also find lacquer-coated, steel-cased Wolf ammo. Its price makes it very popular and often hard to find—.223 Rem. Wolf ammo can generally be picked up for about $0.30 to $0.40 per shot, and other offerings include the usual suspects such as 7.62x39 mm and 9 mm. wolfammo.com
http://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2016/3/29/guide-to-budget-ammo/
